GSK’s Maria Reyes Boceta-Muñoz Talks Vaccine Development in a Post-Pandemic World

Vaccines have been an integral piece of the global public health toolbox for over 200 years, but the COVID-19 pandemic brought about a new era in vaccine development with renewed interest in mRNA technology and unprecedented accelerated regulatory approvals. With over 13 billion doses of a COVID-19 vaccine having been administered worldwide, vaccine developers now face new and persistent challenges as they work towards preventing the spread of other infectious diseases.

Xtalks spoke with Maria Reyes Boceta-Muñoz, Clinical Operations Head of Development R&D at GlaxoSmithKline in Spain, Portugal & Israel, to understand the current vaccine development climate and where the sector is headed. With over two decades of experience in vaccine research, Boceta-Muñoz has experience across all clinical development phases in a range of therapeutic areas.

Boceta-Muñoz will be serving as the Chairperson for the Xtalks Vaccine Development Peer Circle, a high-level community of professionals focused on finding collaborative solutions to shared challenges in vaccine research. Click here to learn how you can participate in this mini think tank, and read on to gain more valuable insights from Boceta-Muñoz.

What are the major challenges you’re facing right now in vaccine development?

Boceta-Muñoz: One major challenge that exists is the production and distribution of vaccines for resource-constrained settings, which slows down the process of achieving global coverage. The ability to manufacture vaccines locally could greatly improve global vaccine access, but limitations in research, infrastructure, limited access to know-how and intellectual property barriers reduce the ability of these low-and-middle income countries (LMIC) to manufacture vaccines, which in turn enforces vaccine dependency, especially in an emergency situation.

Another challenge is addressing safety concerns, including fear of vaccine-associated enhanced disease (VAED), which is defined as the immune-mediated aggravation of the clinical course of infection following immunization relative to that in the absence of previous vaccination. VAED may be caused by different mechanisms that have not yet been entirely explored.

This is a threat to vaccine development, and presents a necessity to assess the safety of future vaccine candidates, the extent to which they might lead to VAED and how this can be minimized. Investigation of the possibility of VAED is crucial during clinical trials for decision-making on vaccine licensing by regulatory agencies.

In the majority of cases, the risk of VAED is brought to light during preclinical stages or early clinical trial phases. Nonetheless, VAED is quite infrequent and generally occurs long after immunization, as it manifests when (and only if) vaccine recipients are exposed to the pathogen and infected subsequent to vaccine administration.

Third is equitable representation in clinical trials, which is essential for the public health sector, particularly for countries with racially pluralistic societies. An understanding of how age, race, gender, underlying medical conditions and other factors can affect an individual’s response to a particular vaccine is critical for guiding effective patient healthcare. However, recruitment of minority groups in countries that aren’t as racially diverse can be quite challenging.

The cold chain is another major challenge. If it’s not managed properly, vaccines can suffer a loss of potency due to thermal denaturation or degradation. The maintenance of a continuous cold chain raises the costs of vaccines significantly, and many vaccines are discarded before their application because of exposure to sub-optimum temperatures. It is one of the most important challenges for the implementation of global vaccination programs. For the past few decades, various labs have been working toward devising technology for the development of thermostable vaccines.

Finally, addressing the time-consuming and costly transition from non-clinical to clinical development due to difficulties in predicting human immune responses is another issue. The EMA and other agencies have stringent regulations and guidelines that cover the design of clinical development programs for new vaccines intended to provide pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis against infectious diseases.

However, guidelines do not provide matters specific to each vaccine type. Therefore, planned protocols should specify in detail methodologies to be used to evaluate immune responses to vaccination. The methods should be consistent across studies, validated and reproducible.

XTALKS PEER CIRCLE: Vaccine Development Peer Circle

Members of this Peer Circle will gain access to other leaders in vaccine development and form a mini think tank to help solve pressing issues that they are facing in vaccine design, trials, regulatory approvals and distribution.

In what ways has the rapid development of the COVID-19 vaccines changed the vaccine development landscape as a whole?

Boceta-Muñoz: The COVID-19 pandemic has underlined the importance of collaborative efforts to effectively address new public health threats. At the same time, it has highlighted major stumbling blocks to such collaborative efforts in terms of access to, and interoperability of, heterogeneous health-related data.

Because one of the main challenges of the COVID-19 vaccine was accessibility for countries that couldn’t produce it, there is, after the pandemic, a tendency to move towards self-sufficiency in the pharma industry.

The clinical trial landscape overall has evolved significantly with key changes in the social, ethical and regulatory environment globally with the creation of guidance by regulators with new regulatory pathways for approval of products specifically developed for diseases in LMIC and public health emergencies. Patient advocacy groups have raised awareness of the health issues and the impact of clinical research in improving their quality of life. All these aspects have changed the environment with CTs in LMICs as an area of growth, where mainly late-stage trials of relevant vaccines (ex Ebola, CMV, RSV) are increasingly being conducted in LMICs.

Another impact related to ethical considerations is the weakness of evidence base, with decision-making processes lacking results from properly designed and conducted clinical trials. The result can be failure to use effective interventions or continuing use of ineffective/hazardous interventions leading to research waste, unnecessary harm and reduced trust. This problem is global, affecting high-, middle- and low-income countries, with some populations under-represented.

The accelerated development of the COVID-19 vaccines has demonstrated that it is possible to create effective and safe vaccines in a much shorter timeframe than previously thought, as well as being a breakthrough for mRNA vaccine technology.

Both vaccine equity and vaccine hesitancy are challenges in the space today. What are companies like GSK doing to address these issues?

Boceta-Muñoz: The COVID-19 pandemic made it clear that both vaccine equity and vaccine hesitancy are two of the most challenging factors in vaccine development. While vaccine equity means ensuring that everyone in the world has access to vaccines, vaccine hesitancy is defined as a delay in acceptance or denial of vaccination regardless of the accessibility of vaccination services. It is affected by factors such as complacency, convenience, confidence and cultural factors.

To address cultural considerations, it is essential that pharma companies work together with healthcare providers to promote trust in vaccines. One step toward doing this includes increasing enrollment of racially and ethnically diverse individuals in vaccine clinical trials, to ensure that everyone is represented, which improves the visibility and acceptability of vaccines: individuals can see that the vaccine is safe for them and not just for others. Research has shown that Black race survey respondents would be more comfortable with a vaccine if it had more testing on individuals of their own race and ethnicity.

Another factor influencing vaccine hesitancy is a group’s religious views, so it is important to also work with religious communities to address their concerns. Vaccine hesitancy is also very related to vaccine equity; it is important to ensure equitable access of vaccines into all communities. This includes distribution and availability of vaccines in community locations.

Education campaigns are also vital to improving vaccine uptake. It is important to do significant work outside the healthcare setting to promote vaccine equity and to share information about the safety and importance of vaccines. This could mean engagement with communities but also with political and media leaders to spread helpful information and face misinformation about vaccines.

What are your predictions for the future of vaccine development? How do you think artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) will be involved?

Boceta-Muñoz: To improve the current state of vaccine development, a paradigm shift is needed. For most of the history of vaccine development, R&D efforts and funding have largely been focused on the disease-causing pathogen rather than the underlying human immune system responsible for protection against disease.

Another trend is that vaccine development is moving toward the need for quickness and readiness. To be ready for the next pandemic, we need vaccines even quicker. Emerging infectious diseases and outbreaks pose new challenges for vaccine development, requiring the rapid design and production of safe and effective vaccines against diseases with limited resources.

Another development that seems to be in the near future is the implementation of new technologies, such as the use of nanoparticles for vaccines against multiple diseases, including cancer.

The pandemic established a new path in which the collaboration between the pharma industry, government agencies, academia and regulatory bodies, as well as using modern technologies, was key to develop a rapid vaccine. Now, the focus has changed, and there is a new challenge for pharma and computer industry partnerships to develop AI-enabled clinical trial technologies or platforms.

This system integrates mathematical modeling, biological science and bioinformatics and it could identify, report and mitigate new drugs and vaccines faster. Suitable patient enrollment is necessary for cohort composition design, and if trials used AI, they could move towards patient selection by using omics data along with electronic medical records.

Patient dropout is also a big concern in clinical trials — with a high dropout rate, there could be an impact on integrity and validity of the clinical trial, meaning failure to reach the study endpoints and thus research waste. AI may predict whether or not patients drop out, therefore reducing delays in trials.

The vaccines industry has made incredible leaps in innovation during the past three years, but there are still many challenges and opportunities to protect the world from infectious diseases.

Join Boceta-Muñoz and other senior leaders in vaccine development in the upcoming Xtalks Vaccine Development Peer Circle for the opportunity to find creative solutions to these challenges in a collaborative environment.